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Some of the areas where bioconjugation has proven impactful include:
- Medical therapies and vaccines
Notably in the case of Antibody-Drug Conjugates, and related therapies, but also in a wider field of drug-delivery and controlled release of therapeutics. Numerous gene therapy vectors are also reliant on bioconjugation techniques – this played a role in the adoption of numerous novel vaccination techniques during the COVID-19 pandemic. Traditional vaccination techniques also use conjugation of immunogenic antigens to improve vaccine response.
- Diagnostic techniques
Labelling of biomolecules with fluorescent dyes, radioactive tracers and contrast agents is extensive across biological research and medical diagnostics. Antibodies or enzymes bioconjugated with reporter molecules form the basis of many biosensors and assays.
Conjugating a pathogenic antigen, which produces a week immune response, with a second antigen known to produce a strong response, is known to improve vaccine effectiveness.
- Materials science
A growing field, in some cases overlapping with the above areas: surfaces and nanoparticles conjugated with biomolecules are utilised in medicines, diagnostics and sensing, as well as creating biocompatible materials and hydrogels for tissue engineering and implantable technology.